The document summarizes early societies in Mesoamerica, the Andes, and Oceania between 1200 BCE and 700 CE. In Mesoamerica, the Olmec built ceremonial centers like San Lorenzo and La Venta between 1200-100 BCE. The Maya civilization arose around 300 BCE and established large cities and advanced calendars by 900 CE. In the Andes, the Chavin culture developed an intricate religious system represented in stone carvings from 900-300 BCE. In Oceania, the Lapita peoples spread agriculture and chiefdom-based political organization throughout the Pacific Islands until open ocean trade declined around 500 BCE.